Diabetes

Diabetes is a disorder of carbohydrate metabolism characterized by impaired ability of the body to produce or respond to insulin and thereby maintain proper levels of sugar (glucose) in the blood.

There are two major forms of the disease. Type I diabetes, formerly referred to as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (IDDM) and juvenile-onset diabetes, usually arises in childhood. It is an autoimmune disorder in which the diabetic person’s immune system produces antibodies that destroy the insulin-producing beta cells. Because the body is no longer able to produce insulin, daily injections of the hormone are required.

Type II diabetes, formerly called non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (NIDDM) and adult-onset diabetes, usually occurs after 40 years of age and becomes more common with increasing age. It arises from either sluggish pancreatic secretion of insulin or reduced responsiveness in target cells of the body to secreted insulin. It is linked to genetics and obesity, notably upper-body obesity. People with type II diabetes can control blood glucose levels through diet and exercise and, if necessary, by taking insulin injections or oral medications.

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 The Key sentences for the article refugees scared of citizenship test are as following:

1.     A fear of failing Australia's citizenship test is stopping refugees from applying to become citizens, a Victorian ethnic group says.

2.     Ethnic Communities Council of Victoria chairman Sam Afra said refugees, who often had little or no education, feared failing the test and this stopped them from seeking citizenship.

3.     It is created a barrier with these types of people.

4.     The government also said there were fears the level of English used in the test had “crept up” to native speaker level, rather than the basic level supposed to be used.

5.     Afra welcomed the government’s review of the test and said there should be concessions for refugee groups who came from “less fortunate”background or these people would remain stateless.

6.     We are not saying don’t do the test because a lot of people come from better educated, calmer areas, no wars,” he said.

7.     But if you take the big extremes, there is a big gap. 

(Fred Hollows) - Short Biography timeline, turning points and Achievement:

                     

               Time line

1.       1929- Fred Hollows was born in New Zealand.

2.       1936- When fred was only eight years old, he moved to Palmerstan North.

3.       1958-Fred Hollows married Mary Skiller.

4.       1960- Fred decided to become a doctor and eventually specialise in eye surgery.

5.       1969, Fred Hollows went to Moorfields Eye Hospital in England to study Ophthalmology.

6.       1970 -Fred helped launch a national program to attack eye disease in Aboriginal Australians.

7.       1980- Fred was travelling all over the world to help set up eye health programs in developing countries.

8.      1980- Fred later married a second time to Gabi O'Sullivan who is still alive today and helps with the Fred Hollows Foundation.

9.      1989- Fred Hollows knew he wouldn't live to see all his ideas happen.

1 .   1993- Fred died at home surrounded by his friends, his wife Gabi and their five children.

           Turning Points:

1.       Fred becomes a doctor specialise in eye surgery.

2.       Five years later he was head of the Eye Department at a Sydney hospital.

3.       Fred could be very gruff when things weren't going as he thought

4.       Fred was travelling all over the world to help set up eye health program  in developing countries.

5.       This became Fred's passion.

6.       Fred died at home surrounded by his friends, his wife Gabi and their five children.

7.       Eye lens factories have been set up in Eritrea and other developing countries

      Achievements:

1.       Fred got a job in Australia.

2.       Fred got doctors to give their time to the program.

3.       Fred helped launch a national program to attack eye disease in Aboriginal Australians. 

4.       Fred Hollows became to be known as the 'wild colonial boy' of Australian surgery,

5.       His family and friends loved Fred deeply.

6.       Fred asked Australians to support his dream to help Eritreans. They donated more than 6 million dollars.

Turning points and Achievement (Nelson Mandela)

Turning Points:

1.      Became increasingly aware of the unjust nature of South African Society.

2.      Mandela became involved in politics

3.      Mandela had to resign from the ANC and work underground.

4.      Mandela advocated armed struggle through the Umkhonto we Sizwe (MK).

5.      Mandela had been arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in the notorious Robben Island prison.

6.     Mandela’s released in 1990.

7.    Mandela recently lost his eldest son.

Achievements:

1.      Mandela was able to finish his degree and qualified as a Lawyer.

2.      Mandela and Tambo opened the first Black Law firm in South Africa.

3.      Mandela helped found the ANC Youth League.

4.      Conducting their own defence they eventually proved to be victorious.

5.       Mandela was as inaugurated as the first democratically elected State President of South Africa and was President until June 1999.

6.      His advocacy of reconciliation led to international acclaim.

7.      Getting the trust of White African population.

8.      Mandela has worked hard to campaign on this issue.

9.      Mandela widely admired and has received many prestigious awards.

10.  Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize jointly with F.W. De Klerk.

  Nelson Mandela – Short Biography Timeline

1918- Nelson Mandela was born at Qunu, near Umtata on 18 July.

1944 Mandela helped found the ANC Youth League

1949. Mandela was instrumental in pushing the ANC into more direct action

1952 -Mandela and Tambo opened the first Black Law firm in South Africa.

1960- The government banned the ANC- Mandela advocated armed struggle. 

1962 Mandela had been arrested and sentenced to life imprisonment in the notorious Robben Island prison.

1990- Although negotiations were painfully slow and difficult, they eventually led to Mandela,s release. 

1993 Nelson Mandela was awarded the Nobel Peace Prizejointly with F.W. De Klerk

1994 Nelson Mandela was inaugurated as the first democratically elected State President of South Africa.

1999- end of his president.   

2013- Died.